Rahab, Red Strings, and Rice Owls

Palmer Memorial Episcopal Church, Houston, Texas
The Reverend Neil Alan Willard, M.Div.
Proper 15, August 17, 2025

Jesus, Savior, may I know your love and make it known. Amen.

I’ve described in the past a few things about the church in North Carolina where I was baptized. It sits on more land than Palmer does, bordered in the 1970s and 1980s by two large tobacco fields. On the other two sides are roads that form a crossroads, hence the name Union Cross Moravian Church.

So there was a lot of grass to mow, which was always done by volunteers from the congregation. Daddy and I would take our turn in that work rotation, which included cutting the grass throughout God’s Acre. God’s Acre is the name that Moravian Christians use for the church cemetery, traditionally laid out in a grid pattern, with sidewalks around large squares filled with graves, each one with an equal, recumbent, white marble headstone.

My great-grandparents are buried there, so I remember seeing their simple headstones as I walked around them with the push mower. I also remember seeing another headstone in one of the first rows of graves, which had a rare-for-that-cemetery Masonic symbol at the top of it, just above the name of J. L. Johnson.1 He had donated the land for the church in the 1890s and died in 1900. And that’s most of what I knew about him for most of my life.

Headstones for my great-grandfather Charlie Tucker and for J. L. Johnson

I had never heard the amazing stories about Dr. John Lewis Johnson from my father because I’m pretty sure he’d never heard them from his father. Although my granddaddy was born in 1894 and surely met Dr. Johnson at some point as a small child because they lived close to one another, somewhere along the way, people just stopped talking about what had really happened in the past.2 Those memories were buried in the ground, totally forgotten at some point.

During the War of the Rebellion, there was an inner-civil war taking place not only in the mountains of North Carolina, but also in the Piedmont region, where I grew up. And Dr. Johnson was both a founder and leader of a secret society of Unionists called the Heroes of America.3

Testimony about the Red Strings before the Southern Claims Commission on June 18, 1872, in the City of High Point, Guilford County, North Carolina

They protected and stayed connected to each other’s families. They helped young men avoid the Confederate draft, hide from the Home Guard, or make their way to the Federal lines in Tennessee. Less than two years after the end of the Rebellion, Dr. Johnson helped to draft a number of resolutions endorsed by a large gathering of loyal citizens in the Union Cross community. They expressed their love for the American flag as a “proud emblem of freedom,” embraced congressional reconstruction, advocated for political cooperation between formerly enslaved Blacks and loyal whites, and said that:

. . . we wish to see the freedmen protected in their rights of franchise, knowing that they will not raise their arms against the just power that tore from their hands the galling shackles of slavery.4

Now I’m telling you all of this for two reasons. The first is because the Heroes of America also went by a nickname — the Red Strings — which comes from a story in the Book of Joshua in which a scarlet cord was used as a secret sign to protect a woman and her household in Jericho after she helped two spies on a reconnaissance mission escape by lowering them down the city wall with a red rope.5 That woman in the Old Testament was named Rahab, and she’s listed in the roll call of faith in the New Testament’s Letter to the Hebrews.6

That roll call of faith is much longer than the partial list in the passage read a few minutes ago, which included Rahab’s name.7 But she and everyone else on that list in Hebrews stepped out into the world in faith, helping to shape the world around them in ways which reflected divine salvation or health or wholeness. Although they didn’t see the end result, they’ve been part of what God is doing in the world, just as we’re part of what God’s doing in the world.

Even though you may not see the end result of what God is doing, what God is really and truly doing through your life, you are surrounded by a “great cloud of witnesses,” as the Letter to the Hebrews puts it.8 In that crowd is Rahab, with everyone else from the pages of the Bible in the roll call of faith.

In that crowd are also people known to you from your family of birth or your family of choice. In that crowd are people whom you came to know because you were curious about the past — people who stepped out in faith during the Civil Rights Movement, during Reconstruction, during the Reformation — people who stepped out in faith by unlocking the doors as the first disciples did in the Upper Room after they had seen Jesus on the other side of death and chose to keep looking for Jesus.9 In spite of fear, they walked out those doors.

The author of Hebrews imagines us running in a stadium, with all of those people in the stands cheering us on. While keeping our eyes fixed on Jesus, we can hear the roar of that crowd as we run the race — a roar which, like the love of Jesus, is for us, not against us. We’re not alone down here on the race track.

You don’t even have to imagine that roar since you heard screams and cheers from across the street this morning as you walked through the doors of the church. New students — new Owls — are being welcomed, loudly, to the campus of Rice University. The message is that each of them belongs there, just as each of you belong at the center of the action in the stadium of faith.

But here’s the other thing, the other reason why I wanted to share with you those stories about Dr. Johnson. When people stop telling stories from one generation to another, when people stop remembering things as they really were, what had once seemed important not only diminishes but can evaporate into thin air as if it had never existed. That’s true not only for our historical memory but also for our theological memory, our Christian faith and life.

If you saw the sci-fi movie Interstellar about a dystopian future for the whole planet, you may recall Matthew McConaughey, in the role of a widowed former NASA test pilot, going to a meeting at school which included his young daughter and her teacher. The daughter had brought to the classroom an old textbook showing the Apollo missions had not been faked. But that contradicted the stories being told to future generations. Watching that scene, you see how folks are living in an alternate reality, shaped for them by others.

Christians are not born, they are made, reborn in each generation. But they will not automatically appear in future generations if we stop paying attention to that, if we think that someone else will tell our children, our friends, our neighbors, our guests within these walls the stories of faith that have led us to the present moment, if we think that others will remember the Christian past on our behalf while we choose to remember something else, perhaps how we have succeeded on our own, how we were not dependent on God’s grace.

If that is what is most important to us, something separate from Christian community, that will become most important to those who come after us. And then we will be shocked at how quickly faith starts to fade into nothingness.

Faith is something each of us can hold on to throughout the hard times, like the scarlet rope offered by Rahab — and make no mistake about it, there will be hard times, difficult chapters in our own lives and the world around us.

Testimony about the Red Strings before the Southern Claims Commission on June 6, 1872, in the City of High Point, Guilford County, North Carolina

I mentioned earlier that Dr. Johnson died in 1900, just long enough to see much of what he had worked for and hoped for slip away before his very eyes. The only successful coup d’état in the history of the United States took place in Wilmington, North Carolina, in 1898.10 It was the culmination of a white supremacist political campaign throughout the state that year, which included threats of violence and acts of violence to keep Black citizens from voting.

An armed white mob seized control of Wilmington, expelling Black politicians and others. Before sunset, they had forced the mayor, the board of aldermen, and the chief of police to resign. A week later, the publisher of the Chatham Record newspaper, Henry A. London, wrote these words in an editorial:

Wilmington is once more ruled by respectable white men and all her citizens are now safe and secure in their lives, liberty and property.11

Then, just three months and one day before Dr. Johnson’s death, white North Carolinians, having once again kept Black citizens away from the polls, voted to approve an amendment to the state constitution which would ensure the legal disenfranchisement of most Black voters throughout the Old North State.12 It would take decades for this to become undone, and Dr. Johnson, of course, didn’t live to see that undoing.

This is part of an editorial published in the Fayetteville Daily Observer on April 1, 1899. It later refers to “the revolution” in Wilmington that “hurled [the negroes] from power and drove their white allies into enforced exile.”

I can’t help but believe that Dr. Johnson kept his eyes on Jesus as he ran with perseverance through this life in the midst of turbulent times and that it affected deeply the way he looked at the rest of humanity — the way he looked at his neighbors, they way he looked at those with whom he worked closely, the way he looked at the individuals and families who lived in his community. He did not, in the words of the author of Hebrews, “receive what was promised.”13 But he was faithful to the end, his work was not in vain, and his hope, a Christian hope, for a better future for all of us wasn’t unfounded.

I believe he will awaken in the likeness of Jesus when the darkness of death is dispelled by resurrection light on the Last Day, and whatever stories of the past that are true but have been intentionally forgotten will be raised up as well and remembered. Whatever is true, lovely, and merciful is not lost to God. I also believe that our lives are just as important as his life was. So like him:

. . . let us also lay aside every weight and the sin that clings so closely, and let us run with perseverance the race that is set before us, looking to Jesus the pioneer and perfecter of our faith.14

Photograph of Dr. John Lewis Johnson from the State Archives of North Carolina

AMEN

  1. Moravian Christians are not buried in God’s Acre beside members of their immediate family. Men are buried next to one another in sequence, and women are buried next to one another in sequence, demonstrating in death not only equality through the uniform headstones but also the reality that they belong to the larger family of God, which is more important than their own family or their lack of a family. Although he died in 1900, it is surprising to see that Dr. John Lewis Johnson is buried next to but after my great-grandfather Charlie Tucker, who died in 1949. Dr. Johnson and his wife had first been buried elsewhere on part of his land that was not originally donated to the church but that later also became part of the church property. They were both reinterred in God’s Acre after it had been laid out at Union Cross in the 1940s. With that, Dr. Johnson and his wife both rejoined this larger family of God. ↩︎
  2. According to the 1900 federal census, Dr. Johnson, a widower at that point, was living with his son near the farm of my great-grandfather Jacob Williard. My grandfather Clifton Williard/Willard would have been six-years-old when Dr. Johnson died that fall on November 3, 1900. ↩︎
  3. William T. Auman and David D. Scarboro, “Johnson, John Lewis,” NCpedia website, 1988. One book about the larger context is Civil War in the North Carolina Quaker Belt: The Confederate Campaign Against Peace Agitators, Deserters and Draft Dodgers by William T. Auman. Another book about the larger context is Rebels Against the Confederacy: North Carolina’s Unionists by Barton A. Myers. ↩︎
  4. “Republican Meeting at Union Cross,” The Daily Standard (Raleigh, North Carolina), April 2, 1867, p. 3. ↩︎
  5. Joshua 2:1-21; 6:12-25. ↩︎
  6. Hebrews 11:1-39. ↩︎
  7. Hebrews 11:29-12:2. ↩︎
  8. Hebrews 12:1. ↩︎
  9. John 20:19-31. This passage describes how “the doors of the house where the disciples had met were locked” before they met Jesus, risen from the dead, for the first time on the evening of the same day that women had discovered his empty tomb. That empowered them to unlock the doors, cross the threshold in faith, and go into the world. ↩︎
  10. “1898 Wilmington Coup,” North Carolina Department of Natural and Cultural Resources website. There are many sources from which one can learn about this historical event, but I think the best book-length treatment is the Pulitzer Prize-winning Wilmington’s Lie: The Murderous Coup of 1898 and the Rise of White Supremacy by David Zucchino. Unfortunately, my public high school in Forsyth County, North Carolina, is named for Robert B. Glenn, one of the main orators for the white supremacist political campaign of 1898. Glenn was elected Governor of North Carolina in 1905 and, ironically, testified the following year in the trial of a white man accused of orchestrating the lynching of five Black men after Glenn had ordered state militia to try, unsuccessfully, to stop the murders. Glenn also took a hard line against all lynchings after the public outcry about this case. It’s an example of swinging wildly toward law and order only after violence and other illegal means had been used to establish white supremacy. Lynchings were also bad for business. ↩︎
  11. H.A. London, editorial, The Chatham Record (Pittsboro, North Carolina), November 17, 1898, p. 2. ↩︎
  12. “On this day — Aug 2, 1900, North Carolina Votes to Disenfranchise Black Residents,” A History of Racial Injustice website, The Equal Justice Initiative. Astonishingly, although nullified by the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the language requiring a literacy test to vote remains in the North Carolina State Constitution to this day despite attempts to remove it. ↩︎
  13. Hebrews 11:39. ↩︎
  14. Hebrews 12:1-2 (emphasis added). ↩︎

Finding Our Way in the Darkness

Palmer Memorial Episcopal Church, Houston, Texas
The Reverend Neil Alan Willard, M.Div.
Easter Day, April 20, 2025

Jesus, you were clothed in garments of glory at your rising —
may that glory shine in the heavens above
and in our hearts below in a thousand ways. Amen.

On this Easter Day, this Sunday of the Resurrection, Christians around the world gather, as they have done in every generation, to ponder the meaning of a stone rolled away from an empty tomb. But an empty tomb alone doesn’t tell us very much. Explanations abound for the emptiness, not all of them necessitating Christian faith.1

We tend to forget how unsettling the discovery of a missing body must have been to the women who went there very early “on the first day of the week.”2 They were hoping to complete the Jewish rites of burial after the body of Jesus had been taken down from the cross and quickly placed there as sunlight faded away on Good Friday, marking the beginning of the sabbath.

The sabbath was and remains today a time of rest for observant Jews. It lasts from sunset on Friday until sunset on Saturday, and on this sabbath the body of Jesus rested in the tomb. Those who remained on the other side of the stone which sealed that tomb, who had followed Jesus and had loved him, were overcome with grief. They were also surely afraid that what had happened to Jesus — an innocent person who had been arrested, mocked, treated with cruelty, and then executed in the name of the Roman Emperor, the most powerful human being on the face of the earth — might happen to them.

There are many people in the pews right now, people sitting close to you, who know what that feels like. Perhaps you are one of them, with tears of sorrow close to the surface, ready to burst forth over the death of someone whom you loved very much. Or maybe you’re afraid and confused at the state of the world in which we now find ourselves living, with anxiety about your job or your retirement accounts or your children and their future.

In the midst of all of this, there are rumors of a love more powerful than death. You may have heard these rumors from a messenger of God as you stared into the distance at the cemetery, from a preacher standing in a pulpit on Easter morning, or — more likely — from a friend putting her arms around you, standing beside you in the ruins of your life, and sharing with you a hope that there is something beyond all of the disappointment.

One of the curious things about the passage that was read this morning from the Gospel of Luke is that we didn’t hear about a resurrection appearance, an encounter with Jesus on the other side of death.3 That comes next in this gospel, and like other stories found in the New Testament, these encounters are mysterious. People don’t immediately recognize Jesus in the garments of glory, as it were, even his closest friends. Some of them doubt, but most come to believe that God is good and loving and bringing forth a new creation, with Jesus having defeated both death and everything else opposed to God’s reign.

Jesus once said, in his most famous sermon, “Blessed are the pure in heart: for they shall see God.”4 I can’t help but wonder if there’s a connection between those words and stories about the risen Jesus, stories of those who eventually see Jesus in living color, as it were.

I’m wearing my owl cufflinks today, which seems appropriate since an owl is the mascot of Rice University and since owls adorn the outside of this church. Some of us even believe we can see hints of owls hidden in the scrollwork and woodwork around these very walls. If you’re a kid, tell me after this service if you think you’ve discovered any big owl eyes.

Some owls, like many other birds, are migratory. And a couple of months ago, I learned how scientists now think these birds find their way.5 It’s something akin to The Twilight Zone. These birds are able to sense the enormous magnetic field surrounding our entire planet, which almost seems impossible because, although huge, it’s really weak — 10 to 100 times weaker than the small magnet holding your grocery list on the door of your refrigerator.

They have a chemical compass inside their eyes, which gets activated when photons create what are called radical pairs, magnetically sensitive molecules, allowing the birds to “see” the earth’s magnetic field. They know the direction they’re heading in under the night sky based on how these radical pairs are spinning or dancing inside their eyes. And the light of stars, many of them hundreds of light years away, keeps that compass working.

In the same way that a dog, with two color channels, will never be able to experience the colorful world seen by us, with three color channels, we’ll never be able to experience the colorful world seen by birds, with four color channels. We can’t imagine what that would be like, and that’s before adding a kind of filter birds have which may make it as if they have six color channels and the fact that on top of all of that these migratory birds can also see the earth’s magnetic field and then use it to find their way in the darkness.

One woman, marveling at the universe and envious of the birds, put it this way: “These birds . . . get this direct visual experience, like a message from that hidden, foreign realm.”

I don’t think the meaning of Easter can be reduced to quantum mechanics in nature. But nature does offer the possibility of cracking open the door just enough for each one of us to rediscover a sense of awe and wonder about this world in which we live, a sense of awe and wonder even when things feel as if they’re flying apart either within us or around us.

I really do believe many of the friends of Jesus encountered him after the resurrection, in a way that wasn’t the result of emotional trauma and that was more than a dream. It’s possible that Jesus appeared to others as well who never recognized him. It’s possible that their world view made it impossible for them to see familiarity in his face or that their hearts were not open to receive love for one reason or another. But that doesn’t mean the resurrection didn’t happen or that love wasn’t standing in front of them in the person whom they were ignoring. People need not be ghosts for someone to look through them.

For nearly 2,000 years, Christians haven’t encountered the risen Jesus in the same way those friends did. We catch only glimpses now and then of the resurrection, of the new creation. So how do we calibrate our spiritual compass in order to catch those glimpses?

Well, I think the birds I was talking about earlier offer us a clue.

Some scientists think those migratory birds can only see the earth’s magnetic field at night. After a day filled with eating and resting, as many of them do right across the street on the campus of Rice University, lots of them fly to the tops of trees and gather there to watch the sunset. That’s when they’re calibrating this chemical compass inside their eyes. And then as they behold the vesper light, to borrow a phrase from the Book of Common Prayer, they’re watching an invisible universe become visible, as the earth’s magnetic field comes online, as it were.

Once their chemical compass is set, with those magnetically sensitive molecules dancing inside their eyes, they can take flight and make their way through the darkness, beneath the stars, without becoming lost. And I think that happens here in a Christian community.

We come here like lost balls in high weeds, pausing together for a moment to lift up our hearts, to raise up our heads and see where we are in this world. Here we are welcomed into the compassionate embrace of a God who is overwhelmingly good and loving. That doesn’t mean most human beings who’ve lived on this planet didn’t endure suffering or poverty or cruelty. Most of them did experience all of those things in ways beyond my comprehension. But it does mean, for me at least, that if God is good and loving, this world cannot be all that there is. It also means we are called as Christians to help those who are suffering, as long as we’re on this side of the grave, in the name of our risen Lord.

Many of us here today believe that the rumors of a love stronger than death are true, and that gathering within these walls resets our spiritual compass so that together we can make our way beneath the stars, through the darkness, whatever that might be for us. And we invite you to join us so that you don’t have to find a way through the darkness alone.

There is more to this universe than what you thought you could see when you walked through the doors of this church this morning. May you be given a glimpse of that today, so that resurrection light shines not only in the heavens above but also within your heart.

ALLELUIA! ALLELUIA! ALLELUIA!

  1. Dale C. Allison, Jr., The Resurrection of Jesus: Apologetics, Polemics, History (New York: T&T Clark, 2021) 116-166. This book offers the best discussion I have ever read about every aspect of the burial of Jesus, the empty tomb, and resurrection appearances in the New Testament. ↩︎
  2. Luke 24:1. ↩︎
  3. Luke 24:1-12. ↩︎
  4. Matthew 5:8. ↩︎
  5. Annie McEwen, “Quantum Birds,” Radiolab podcast, February 14, 2025. All of the explanations of this that follow, including the note about color channels, come from interviews in this episode. ↩︎

Speechless in the Third Heaven

Palmer Memorial Episcopal Church, Houston, Texas
The Reverend Neil Alan Willard, M.Div.
Proper 9, July 7, 2024

Jesus, the Morning Star, shine in the heavens above
and in our hearts below, now and always. Amen.

A good friend of mine from high school, who died a couple of years ago, was a Baptist minister, but not the kind you’re imagining at this very moment. At some point he exchanged his suits and ties for overalls and a beard that made him look like an Old Testament prophet. A motorcycle took him away from the City of Atlanta, back home to North Carolina. There he spent a lot of time hanging out at the Waffle House, talking to people about their lives.


I don’t know if there was any kind of mystical experience that led to that transformation, which was pretty radical. But I do know how my friend, named Don Durham, described himself, at least sometimes. He said:

I’m just “a guy.” Like when you hear folks say, “I can’t help you with that, but . . . I know a guy.”1

That’s how Paul, a devout Jewish pharisee who became a devout Jewish follower of Jesus, begins today’s reading from his second letter to the Corinthians.2 He essentially says something like this: “I know a guy . . . a person who fourteen years ago was caught up to the third heaven. I don’t know if this came to him in a vision or if he was actually taken there. Only God knows that. But I do know this guy. He got a glimpse of paradise, of this third heaven, and in the midst of that, he heard things that are not to be told, that aren’t allowed to be repeated to anyone else.”

In this case, when Paul says, “I know a guy,” he’s probably talking about himself. He’s been talking about himself since the last chapter of this letter, in what’s often called “The Fool’s Speech.” Paul is here defending himself against opponents — those whom he refers to as so-called “super-apostles.”3 Think of them as slick, smiling, telegenic pastors of megachurches. They look better than Paul. They’re better public speakers than he is. They go around boasting about their spiritual gifts. So Paul asks the Corinthian Christians, for whom he feels “a divine jealousy,” to bear with him “in a little foolishness . . . so that [he] too may boast a little.”4

Part of Paul’s boasting is that he’s a better minister of the Christ, the Messiah, than these “super-apostles.” That’s because he’s suffered greatly in his ministry, both physically and “because of [his] anxiety for all the churches.”5 What the world sees revealed on the other side of these sufferings is a weak man. But Paul says he will boast of this weakness.

Although Paul doesn’t repeat what was heard in his mystical experience of paradise, he does share with the Corinthians, and with us, something he believes he heard in prayer. Paul believes that Jesus said to him, “My grace is sufficient for you, for power is made perfect in weakness.”6 So that’s why Paul says he gladly boasts of his own weaknesses.

But what are we to make of the mystical experience that Paul described earlier? It’s not the most important part of this speech by a fool for Christ. But he says it really happened to him. So what are we to make of it? Have you ever experienced something similar to this — something transcendent that was difficult or perhaps impossible to put into words?

The New Testament scholar Dale Allison, who teaches at Princeton Theological Seminary, has a theory that makes sense to me. He wonders if some people are thinner than others — not in physical appearance but with respect to the ability to have what we might describe as encounters with mystery.7 He knows some people have hallucinations and others don’t tell the truth, or the whole truth, about one thing or another. But he also knows that in this world where weird things happen some do have encounters with mystery that utterly change their lives because he had one of them.

When he was sixteen years old, Allison was sitting by himself “under the Kansas night sky” on the back porch of his family’s home. Suddenly it was as if the stars had “forsaken the firmament” and come down to surround him. He says they were neither really animate nor entirely inanimate. He also says they somehow made known to him the overwhelming presence of something that was “forbidding yet benevolent, affectionate yet enigmatic.” You can sense that he has trouble describing this with words, and whatever happened only lasted for about 20 seconds.8

But with great clarity he says that it awakened him from what he called “a lifelong slumber.” Immediately afterwards, he says that “[he] believed that [he] had run into God, or that God had run into [him].” It’s what ultimately caused him to become a biblical scholar, with all of his many doubts, questions, and curiosities about the scriptures and about the universe. It was not, he asserts, “something about which [he] could be indifferent.”9

I believe Allison’s story, even though I’ve never had an experience that intense. Perhaps he’s just thinner than I am, to use his language. But there are people close to me who’ve had dreams that approach this kind of encounter with the holy, and I believe them too.

The closest I’ve ever come to a mystical experience was an overwhelming feeling at the Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum in Williamsburg, Virginia. There, by myself, I stumbled upon a dark room with black walls and some benches that were arranged not unlike pews. Bright lights were pointed at the front of the room, reflecting intensely off the silver and gold metallic foils of an exhibit on loan from the Smithsonian called “The Throne of the Third Heaven of the Nation’s Millennium General Assembly.”


It was an elaborate representation of heavenly glory that was created out of “metallic foils, paper, plastic, strips of metal cut from coffee cans, jelly jars, flower vases, cardboard, conduit, glue, tape, tacks, and pins.”10 Silver and gold crowns rested on the floor in the front of everything else. At the center was a silver and gold wingèd throne beneath the words “Fear Not.”

James Hampton, a nighttime janitor, took 14 years to make it all, hidden in a rented brick garage until after his death.11 It was as if having climbed Jacob’s Ladder after Paul, he had also not been allowed to share what he had heard about hope and being set free at the return of Christ, whose throne this was.


Much like those to whom the words “fear not” are spoken in the pages of the Bible, I was a little shaken as I sat there alone. Truly, the most mysterious part may have been the fact that no one else came into the room.

The “forbidding yet benevolent” feeling Dale Allison described about his own experience was present in that space of momentary solitude, which was simultaneously dark and brilliantly illuminated.

Thankfully, it didn’t end after 20 seconds; and I wanted to stay there as long as I could because, in spite of how crazy it seemed then and might seem now, I was experiencing a real sense of God’s holiness. I was rendered speechless, and yet I felt as though I was praying to God. Or perhaps it was the Holy Spirit praying for me with sighs too deep for words.12

That sense of awe is something we experience here in worship as we come before the mystery and the majesty of God, hearing that God’s love for each of us in the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus is always greater than our most unlovely moments and stronger than death.

But there’s something else that happens when we walk through these doors. It’s illustrated well in an essay by art historian Griffith Mann. He writes:

Several years ago, a museum professional told me about a chance meeting he once had at the National Gallery of Art in Washington, DC. A long-serving senator from Rhode Island was visiting the galleries alone. Recognizing him, [that professional] asked how he made time to visit the museum. The senator responded, “I come to the galleries to spend time with my [late] wife by looking at all the pictures that she loved.”13

I love that story, which reminds me of a favorite quote by the late Jaroslav Pelikan, who was the Sterling Professor Emeritus of History at Yale University. He famously wrote:

Tradition is the living faith of the dead,
traditionalism is the dead faith of the living.14

Each time I walk into this church, I think about that kind of living faith. I’m reminded me of all the people whose small acts of kindness have reflected God’s love for me in different chapters of my life. That includes parents and grandparents, teachers and friends and even strangers. It includes people from this congregation, some of whom are no longer with us in this life and who now see for themselves what that nighttime janitor imagined as heavenly beauty with silver and gold metallic foils.

I think he got absolutely right the words that crown the divine throne: “Fear Not.” That’s the message of consolation, compassion, and acceptance you should hear within these walls, even when there are plenty of things to fear beyond them. Here we put on the beautiful garments of forgiveness we’ve received through Jesus, who has taken away the sins of the whole world:

Thus well arrayed I need not fear
When in his presence I appear.15

Some people here this morning have had a mystical encounter of one kind or another. Many more have experienced the same wave of holiness I felt in front of the words “Fear Not” in a museum, alone yet not alone.

But none of those things matter if they only magnify our egos and create “super apostles” — people who brag about their spiritual gifts and, in the process, put down all those around them, whether here within God’s house or on the other side of these doors in the rest of God’s creation.

That’s not what Jesus did, and that’s not what the Holy Spirit, who makes present the love of Jesus today, does within and beyond these walls. That’s not what the Holy Spirit does within and beyond a human heart.

Everyone here this morning, regardless of how physically or spiritually weak you may feel, can participate in the small acts of kindness that reflect God’s love for you, for others, and for the world. These things that you speak or give or do have the power to change the world, beginning with the world that surrounds you. They may seem weak. They may seem insignificant. But the power of Christ dwells within you, as it did within Paul, which makes the love you share more important than any mystical vision, even “The Throne of the Third Heaven of the Nation’s Millennium General Assembly.”

I know a guy who saw that, all of it, in the body. The reality of the words “Fear Not” washed over him, but the most important part was the fact that he didn’t stay there. He walked away from that reflection of the third heaven with a heart overflowing with love to share, the same love that will stream out of the doors of this church as we’re sent into the world today.


AMEN

  1. This was Don Durham’s introduction on his Facebook page. ↩︎
  2. Second Corinthians 12:2-10. ↩︎
  3. Second Corinthians 11:5; 12:11. ↩︎
  4. Second Corinthians 11:1, 16. ↩︎
  5. Second Corinthians 11:28. ↩︎
  6. Second Corinthians 12:9. ↩︎
  7. Dale Allison has used this metaphor in many interviews related to his book Encountering Mystery: Religious Experience in a Secular Age (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2022). ↩︎
  8. Dale Allison, Encountering Mystery: Religious Experience in a Secular Age (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2022) 1-3, 6-7. ↩︎
  9. Dale Allison, Encountering Mystery: Religious Experience in a Secular Age (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2022) 2-3, 6. ↩︎
  10. “The Throne of the Third Heaven of the Nations’ Millennium General Assembly,” The Colonial Williamsburg Journal (Spring 2004). ↩︎
  11. Artist: James Hampton, Smithsonian American Art Museum website. ↩︎
  12. Romans 8:26. ↩︎
  13. C. Griffith Mann, Encounter: The San Leonardo al Frigido Portal at The Cloisters,” Gesta, Volume 53, Issue 1 (Spring 2014) 1. ↩︎
  14. Jaroslav Pelikan, The Vindication of Tradition (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984) 65. ↩︎
  15. This is a translation of words written in German by Nicholas Ludwig von Zinzendorf (1700-1760) as part of a Moravian chorale verse.
    ↩︎

In the Middle of the Night, Easter Arrives

Palmer Memorial Episcopal Church, Houston, Texas
The Reverend Neil Alan Willard, M.Div.
Easter Day, April 17, 2022

Jesus, Savior, may I know your love and make it known. Amen.

Have you ever stumbled onto something that was completely unexpected, and only later realized there was more going on than what you could see? Photographers do this when they spot something which makes them stop and ponder what’s right in front of them, perhaps moving a little or a lot to change their perspective, then capturing in one picture an extraordinary moment that didn’t seem to exist in the world a few seconds earlier.

Sometimes you walk into a crowded room and hear on the other side of that threshold one of many conversations already in progress. And then maybe you cringe internally — or externally — once you realize the person whose voice you hear going on and on about this or that isn’t aware of other nearby realities in the same room — a struggling spouse in recovery from alcohol addiction, a mother whose heart is overflowing with joy over her gay son’s upcoming wedding, a friend who’s just lost a job but only told a handful of people about it. If the person holding court knew of these or any number of other realities in that same room, the conversation might be different.

There are a lot of hidden realities this morning in this room. Some of you don’t want to be here, having been dragged along by a significant other or a grandparent. I see you, and also have sympathy for you. (Know that your grandmother loves you very much, and I love you too!) Others sitting in the pews today have hearts weighed down by grief over the death of a loved one, perhaps over the past year, or perhaps from long, long ago. Many are still trying to figure out how the pieces of the puzzle that is the small part of the world in which we live fit together on this side of the pandemic. You might be worried about that but afraid to say anything about it to anyone else.

Imagine yourself as Mary Magdalene, who came to the tomb of Jesus “while it was still dark,” or the unnamed “other disciple” running with Simon Peter to that same tomb on the first Easter morning.[1] As they encountered the room that is the empty tomb, a sense of joy, a sense of wonder, a sense of divine majesty, wasn’t part of the experience. Something was very wrong. That’s why Mary ran back to tell the others that the body of Jesus had been stolen. What she had seen just compounded the trauma that had followed the events of Good Friday and the silence on the sabbath day.

Only when Mary, while overwhelmed and weeping outside the tomb, heard herself being addressed by name did she recognize Jesus standing in front of her. She had mistaken him for the gardener. Yet it was Jesus, who had died, and who now was alive — alive but also somehow very different, and known but only because he had made himself known.

“I have seen the Lord,” she would later say.[2]

For Mary, being called by her name changed everything in an instant — the identity of the person in front of her, whom she had already seen with her own eyes, the meaning of the empty tomb, and the movie playing over and over in her head about what had happened in the middle of the night.

Something terrifying had indeed happened, but not in the way Mary had first imagined. It was instead terrifying in the sense that the voice of the Lord shatters the cedars of Lebanon, and in the darkness that same voice brought Jesus, the Christ, the Messiah, over from death to life, setting free all those imprisoned by sin and death, and giving to us a glimpse of our own resurrection in the world to come — in the world beyond our fears and our failures — a new creation that transforms tears of sorrow into tears of joy and, yes, tears of laughter.[3] How could there not be laughter with God?

Is it possible — just possible — that even this very small part of the world in which we live is much larger than we have imagined it to be? Is it possible there’s a lot more going on around us and within us than we can see?

Right outside the front doors of Palmer, on the other side of Main Street, is the campus of Rice University. (The church building in which you’re sitting, by the way, was built in 1927 to be a chapel for the Rice Institute before becoming the home of an Episcopal congregation in 1929.) This whole area is one of the most beautiful parts of the City of Houston — the live oaks, the azaleas, and the wildlife — squirrels, of course, and rabbits, an occasional possum, and lots of birds — grackles, mockingbirds, bluejays, and owls, which seems appropriate for Rice. (I’m even wearing owl cufflinks today!)

But even if you take time for a walk around the Rice campus, even if you pause to notice, with a sense of awe and wonder, all the other forms of life that surround you, including, of course, the students too — even then you’re only seeing a small fraction of what’s really happening there.

Houston is on what’s called the Central Flyway, and the Rice campus is essentially like a Buc-ee’s for many birds on their way to and from the tropics. But mostly they’re flying overhead, while you’re either sleeping soundly in your own bed or wide-awake and worried, staring up at the ceiling. And we know a lot about them thanks to a man named Cin-Ty Lee. He’s a professor of geology at Rice University, but he’s passionate about birds and has been observing them on Rice’s campus for 20 years.

At the beginning of the pandemic, Cin-Ty and a few others thought that might be a good time to try to record the sound of birds at night.[4] Ambient noise, because of reduced traffic, had gone down significantly. So they set up a microphone, initially in a lemon tree but now on a 20-foot pole, and waited to find out what exactly was going on during the night.

Well, that turned out to be a big ol’ disappointment.

In the beginning, in March of 2020, they heard nothing. And they actually thought they were doing something wrong. It was like their own experience of Holy Saturday, waiting and wondering what had happened. But then everything exploded in late April, when there were suddenly thousands — thousands — of birds passing overhead each night.

They weren’t even hearing all of the birds because some fly too high to be heard and others don’t call out to each other while they’re flying. But they heard thousands of them nevertheless. And those recordings added about 30 new species to the list of birds already known to be present at different times of the year on the Rice campus. That total is now at least 262 species.

Have you seen them all? Do they exist even if you haven’t seen them?

To be clear, I don’t think the meaning of the empty tomb should be reduced to springtime observations in the Northern Hemisphere. But nature does give us hints that there is more to this world than meets the eye. There is so much that we don’t see at all, that we see only partly, or that we see dimly, whether off in the furthest reaches of the universe or — perhaps even more amazingly — right here, right across the street, in this small part of the world in which we live and work, in which we love and grieve those we’ve lost, in which we learn and become curious about the things God has made.

What I want to suggest to you is that you’re only experiencing a small fraction of what’s really happening in the world around you. There are mysteries here that are visible but unseen, and there are mysteries here that are invisible too. What happened last night, so to speak, what happened in the darkness before the first Easter morning, was a mystery.

But Mary Magdalene and the rest of those closest to Jesus believed they had seen him raised from the dead. Perhaps the most mysterious thing of all was that the risen Christ, the one who called Mary by name and revealed himself to her, showed them, and shows us too, that God is for us, not against us.

And just as the risen Christ saw Mary weeping and had compassion on her, “God shall [one day] wipe away all tears from [our] eyes; and there shall be no more death, neither sorrow, nor crying, neither shall there be any more pain: for the former things are passed away.”[5] They are passed away because of what happened in the middle of the night. And one day, having fallen asleep in Jesus, we shall awake in the light of his resurrection.

My friends, there’s more going on in this world, more going on in this very room, more going on in your own life, right now, than what you can see.

ALLELUIA! ALLELUIA! ALLELUIA!

BACK TO POST John 20:1-10.

BACK TO POST John 20:18.

BACK TO POST Psalm 29:5.

4 BACK TO POST Cin-Ty Lee in an interview on the podcast City Cast Houston, “Recording the Night Skies of Houston,” April 11,2022.

BACK TO POST Revelation 21:4. I quoted this familiar verse from the Book of Revelation using the King James Version, which can be heard in composer Eleanor Daley’s powerful anthem “And God shall wipe away all tears.”

Life on the 400 Block of the Church

Palmer Memorial Episcopal Church, Houston, Texas
The Reverend Neil Alan Willard, M.Div.
Proper 5, June 6, 2021

Jesus, Savior, may I know your love and make it known. Amen.

Some of you will remember scenes from around the world last year when people in cities and towns either opened their windows or stepped out onto their balconies at the same time each evening. In Italy, they sang together to boost morale. In the City of Atlanta, they cheered loudly from high rises when healthcare workers were changing shifts to thank them for risking their own lives to save others. Here at Palmer, our church bells are still playing hymns in the morning and in the evening for those walking into and out of the largest medical complex in the world across the street from us.

But most of those communal gatherings that brought people outside of their homes and connected them with one another stopped long ago. Most, but not all. The folks who live in the 400 block of East 118th Street in New York City are still going at it more than 400 days after starting this ritual.[1]

Ivette Rodriguez never misses a night. She moved to that block with her mother back in 1965. Her husband sets an alarm to make sure they don’t forget. At 7:00 p.m., Ivette puts on a jacket and steps outside. Some of her neighbors are already out there, with pans or whatever else they can find that can be used to make noise. A few kids wave flashlights too.

One of Ivette’s neighbors is Frances Mastrota. She’s in her eighties and moved to the block in 1959 as a bride. Widowed since 1975, she’s still there. She’s actually Dr. Mastrota, a retired oncology researcher. A lot of the people on that block, in fact, were healthcare workers. So that’s one of the reasons they still cheer on their former colleagues. But it’s not really the main reason they keep stepping outside at the same time.

When asked about this by an interviewer, Dr. Mastrota says:

Because we are a very special block, and we watch out for each other. If they don’t see [me] come out at 7:00, they look for me. . . . If I don’t come out, this lady comes, that lady comes, the people over there come. . . . If I don’t come out at 7:00, if I don’t pick up my New York Times paper at 6:00, they look for me. They know I’m alone.[2]

The interviewer, Ira Glass of public radio’s This American Life, then asks her:

Some nights, do you just feel tired, and you don’t want to come out?[3]

And she replies with a laugh:

I have to. I have to. They will come here![4]

In other words, the 400 block of East 118th Street maintains the bonds of community by showing up for one another and by looking out for their neighbors. They did it in different ways before the pandemic. And they will continue to find new ways of doing it in the future, I am sure, because they have love for one another. To be clear, that can be a true statement even if they don’t always like each other. They have regard for the humanity of those who live beside them and those who live across the street. From our Christian perspective, we would say they recognize those neighbors, both new and old, as human beings who have been created in God’s image.

Palmer, like any other church, is meant to be like the 400 block of East 118th Street. We don’t come together every day, although we can certainly join together daily in prayer for one another. But we do gather as a community of Christians on Sunday mornings — to remember that the circle of grace keeps flooding over the banks of our experiences only and to hear again and again and again that there is more to this world than we can see at the end of our noses. It’s important to look directly at what’s there, right in front of us — the suffering within us and around us from which others turn away. But it’s also important to know that’s not the last word. And that’s why we come here, regardless of how we feel, “so we do not lose heart,” as St. Paul writes in today’s reading from his second letter to the Corinthians.[5]

We can not only look out for those who live on our block, who belong to our church, but also for those who would find a home here, a place where they can be sheltered not only during a pandemic but also in all the other storms of life — a safe harbor. The truth is that the block on which we live as followers of Jesus, crucified and risen, extends far beyond our own walls.

I don’t usually remember my dreams, but I did remember one a couple of weeks ago on a Friday morning. In that dream, while on a trip, perhaps a vacation, my family and I made a Sunday visit to a congregation very much like Palmer. Folks there were recalling with joy the time same-gender marriages had begun within that Christian community.

The sense of encouragement and interdependence and love for one another, rooted in God’s first love for us, was intense in my dream. It reminded me that people don’t have to be merely tolerated in the pews. They can belong to parishes where LGBTQ people serve on the church staff, as members of the clergy, and as congregational leaders. They can even donate flowers for the altar to the glory of God in thanksgiving for a wedding anniversary — a simple, ordinary act which reveals a lot about just how welcoming a church really is or isn’t. They don’t have to hide or believe God is completely hidden and far away, keeping them at arm’s length rather than embracing them.

This I have come to believe, wholeheartedly, as a Christian.

After I woke up, a bit disoriented from the vividness of my dream, one of the first things I read that morning were these words from an interview with the actor Billy Porter:

The first thing that is taken away from LGBTQ people . . . is our spirituality.[6]

What he said is too often true, but it doesn’t have to be that way for everyone. We can open wide the gates and doors of our houses of worship, as we do at Palmer, walking through them beside our LGBTQ friends and neighbors and family members. And we don’t have to pray for them in the third person, as if they are somewhere else, because they are here. As a Christian young adult named Mary Grahame Hunter puts it:

Queer people are part of Church’s first person plural, the great ‘we’ that begins the Nicene Creed.[7]

I love her use of that phrase — “the great ‘we’ that begins the Nicene Creed” — because it includes all of us here today. It carries us along, within something much larger than ourselves, when we’re strong, when we’re struggling, when we feel as if we can trust God with every fiber of our being, and even when, perhaps especially when, we’re not so sure about that.

Reflecting on all of his various conversations with the folks who live on the 400 block of East 118th Street in New York City, Ira Glass, said:

It’s the dailyness of the 7:00 get-together, the fact that it happens every single day. That’s what makes it mean so much to all of them. They made this part of the day a little life raft that they gathered on during this terrible, dangerous year that made it like a daily prayer.[8]

Glass then confessed:

I personally haven’t prayed every day since I was a little boy. But somebody who does it as an adult tells me that it’s the fact that the . . . rituals never change day to day that gives comfort. He has days when the prayers mean less to him and days when they mean a lot more. And feeling that difference from day to day also tells him something [about himself].[9]

In a moment, we’ll stand before the divine mystery in this life raft, this church, and together acknowledge God as the “maker of heaven and earth, of all that is,” including not only things “seen” but also things “unseen.”[10] As we heard in our reading from Second Corinthians:

. . . we look not at what can be seen but at what cannot be seen; for what can be seen is temporary, but what cannot be seen is eternal.[11]

And surely among those things that are eternal is love. It’s not something we can put under a microscope or place our finger on directly. Like the wind, however, we can see its effects and point to those places where and those people in whom we have felt it when we most needed it.

I hope you’ll experience that today in the people around you right now, in ordinary bread made holy food and placed into your hands, in the small acts of love you will give and receive after being sent into world, and in the God who made you, redeemed you, sanctifies you, and thinks you’re fabulous, arrayed in the love of Jesus, our Savior. So do not lose heart, my friends on the 400 block of the Church. You are clothed in love, and always will be.

AMEN

BACK TO POST Ira Glass, “The Daily,” This American Life, originally aired May 14, 2021.

BACK TO POST Glass.

BACK TO POST Glass.

BACK TO POST Glass.

BACK TO POST II Corinthians 4:16.

BACK TO POST Billy Porter, Tamron Hall Show, May 19, 2021.

BACK TO POST Mary Grahame Hunter, “By the Grace of God, Queer,” Earth & Altar, May 24, 2021.

BACK TO POST Glass.

BACK TO POST Glass.

10 BACK TO POST The first sentence of the Nicene Creed in the Book of Common Prayer (1979), according to the use of the Episcopal Church:

We believe in one God,
the Father, the Almighty,
maker of heaven and earth,
of all this is, seen and unseen.

11 BACK TO POST II Corinthians 4:18.

Casting Lots to Discern God’s Will

Palmer Memorial Episcopal Church, Houston, Texas
The Reverend Neil Alan Willard, M.Div.
The Seventh Sunday of Easter, May 16, 2021

Jesus, Savior, may I know your love and make it known. Amen.

About six miles from the house where I grew up in North Carolina is a Moravian church called Friedland, which means “Land of Peace” in German. When a man named Tycho Nissen was sent there in 1775 from the nearby town of Salem (now Winston-Salem) to organize that country church, he had been married for less than a month. Although this will sound odd, 12 days before the wedding, he and future wife weren’t even a couple.

Tycho knew he was meant to marry a woman named Salome the same way everyone knew these things in Moravian religious communities in the 18th century — by the use of the lot. Church leaders used three pieces of paper. One indicated “yes” (Ja), another indicated “no” (Nein), and the third was blank, meaning “not yet.” Following prayer, one of those pieces of paper was picked out of a container. [picks a folded piece of paper out of a glass jar and reads it] Hmm, that’s interesting. Maybe I should try that again.

Because Tycho had been appointed to an official task on behalf of the church, organizing that rural congregation, which is why he was required to get married, how they used the lot was recorded in the church minutes.[1]

Church leaders had a discussion about Tycho’s marriage, first suggesting the name of a widow in the community. The lot said no. Then they suggested the name of another woman, and the lot again said no. Finally, they suggested the name of Salome, the daughter of a Moravian minister, and the lot said yes. Seven days later it was announced that Tycho and Salome would indeed be getting married. Five days after that they were.

Now, so everyone here won’t be kept in suspense and worry unnecessarily, just know things worked out for them. They would have four children, including a son named Christian, who is my 4th great-grandfather.

Everyone involved in what I’ve just described truly believed they were doing God’s will, following the biblical example of the early church. Moravians used the lot to make other important decisions too, like where exactly to lay out the town of Salem in 1765. But several years after that, they also used prayer and the lot to decide if it was acceptable in the eyes of God to purchase an enslaved teenager.[2] The lot said yes. Was that God’s will too?

How do you know what God’s will is for you? While growing up, or even as an adult, did you ever throw open a Bible and let the pages settle in the genuine hope that God would somehow speak to you, show you the way, lead you beyond whatever that thing was you were struggling with? Did you ever do it again and again to get a different answer — an answer that was more clear, more like what you wanted to hear? I’ll admit I did that.

Or did you retreat into an intense season of prayer, desperately bargaining alone with the Almighty? (If you give me what I want, if you tell me it’s ok to walk down this path, I’ll do anything for you, O Lord.) In those kinds of conversations, we tend to take up all of the oxygen in the room. And in the silence that follows, too often we jump to the conclusion that God’s will and our will are perfectly aligned. Throughout the years, I’ve witnessed people pray hard, really hard, about difficult things, drawing conclusions about God’s will for them that affect their families without having talked to their spouses or that affect their church membership without having talked to their priests. If you already think God’s on your side, no one will be able to say anything otherwise without seeming to be opposed to God.

There are times when a lot of heartache could’ve been prevented if others, including God, had been invited into those prayerful wrestlings. It doesn’t mean the answer would have been different, but it invites to the table God and those who care about you, who want the best for you, who love you.

In today’s reading from the Acts of the Apostles, we heard about prayer in combination with the casting of lots to figure out what to do next. Drawing the short straw, picking a name out of a hat, throwing dice — whatever you want to call it — goes back thousands of years to the first books of the Bible. It’s how Moses distributed land to the tribes of Israel.[3] It’s how his brother Aaron picked the right goat to make a sacrifice to God.[4]

Aaron and the other high priests of Israel who would follow after him wore something called the “breastplate of judgement,” which held a couple of mysterious objects called the Urim and Thummim. Those words in Hebrew appear on the logo of Yale University, where they’re also translated somewhat expansively as “Light and Truth.”[5] Surely we’d like to have light and truth shining upon us while facing a difficult decision.

The Urim and Thummim were taken out of that breastplate when the priests needed to know the will of God. They were probably thrown like dice in a ritual to do that.[6] [throws dice on the floor and looks down at them] I have no idea what that means. I must have skipped that class in divinity school.

Anyway, after the death of Judas, the eleven remaining apostles cast lots after they reconvene in the upper room to discern the will of God and figure out the restoration of the twelve — meaning twelve apostles, those who are sent, representing the twelve tribes of Israel. It was an unusual election with two fully qualified candidates, but with only one presumably divine vote.

That’s how Matthias is chosen to be an apostle, someone who had been with Jesus from the beginning, from the moment of his baptism by John the Baptist. And he believed he was called to that new role, called by God, to be a witness to the resurrection of our Lord and Savior.

What’s important about the story of the calling of Matthias isn’t the casting of lots. The point isn’t the method but the posture.[7] Together as a community those gathered in that upper room turn toward the lovingkindness of the God who raised Jesus from the dead. Together they search the scriptures. Together they pray. And they finally loosen their grip, letting go, confessing their limitations, allowing God to speak to them.

And that’s the part I left out when describing 18th-century marriages in the Moravian Church. It was really about communal discernment, a form of semi-arranged marriages in which proposed matches were discussed after having been suggested either by the men or by the church leaders. A “yes” from the use of the lot merely gave a green light to proceed with that same process. The women could still say no, which they sometimes did.[8]

That’s a stark contrast to the time Moravians needed to make a decision about owning a human being as property. When that was put to the lot, the community wasn’t working together, they were divided.[9] There’s a sense in which the lot was used to break a tie, but not a tie between two equally noble choices as in today’s story from the Book of Acts.

In this case, I believe their trust was misplaced, focusing on the lot rather than on their relationships, including their relationships with the strangers in their midst — people like that enslaved teenager, who had a different language, a different history, a different color of skin. When the Moravian Church wanted to be released from the economic burden of caring for him, he was granted his freedom. By that time, however, he and his wife were older and would struggle to provide for their children.[10]

Earlier I mentioned my fourth great-grandfather Christian Nissen. His brother-in-law, John Vogler, was a Moravian artisan and silversmith. John sought permission to marry seven times in Salem from 1814 to 1818. Six times the lot did not say yes, and one time the woman said no.[11]

Then, in 1818, the Moravian Church stopped using the lot in this way for marriages, with the exception of proposed marriages for ordained ministers.[12] Only then did John ask a woman named Christina to marry him. She was who he had first wanted to marry four years earlier. Since he was a silversmith, he made her wedding ring, which had this inscription:

With God and Thee My Joy shall be.[13]

Well, hearing the words of that inscription, it’s clear John believed that God, beyond the use of the lot, would be very much at the heart of their marriage. Perhaps the Holy Spirit had been at work in a strange way throughout those four years — and still is today — showing us, at the end of the day, that love really does win in this or some other important part of our life.

And it’s important to know that there still remained a circle of prayerful discernment about that engagement, beyond John Vogler himself, which included the Christian community to which he and Christina belonged.

The truth is that we see in the Book of Acts many different ways in which the followers of Jesus open their hearts to God’s will for them. The casting of lots to set apart a new apostle in today’s reading erases the humiliation of the casting of lots for the clothing of Jesus by the Roman soldiers who were executing him. In that scene at the cross in the Gospel of Luke, it appeared that God was absent, that God either didn’t care or didn’t exit.

But as we’ll be reminded next Sunday, God did care. God didn’t leave empty either the building or the space between us after Jesus, crucified and risen from the dead, returned from whence he came. On the Day of Pentecost, the Spirit would be poured out upon the followers of Jesus, filling each of their hearts and every corner of the world with the divine presence, with mercy and grace. The glory of God went with the people of God.

And once that happens, we never read again in the New Testament about the use of the lot to discern God’s will. It’s as if a page had been turned and a new chapter had begun. So I invite you to come back here next week to focus on the outpouring of the Spirit more than on the drawing of straws. The Spirit intercedes for us, even when we don’t know how to pray or how to throw dice, even when we’re unsure about what to do next, even when we get it wrong, helping us realize that, turning us around, drawing us back into a community of open hearts and open hands. This I believe.

AMEN

BACK TO POST Records of the Moravians in North Carolina, Volume II, 1752-1775, edited by Adelaide L. Fries (Raleigh: Edwards & Broughton, 1925) 895.

BACK TO POST “The Stories of Bethabara’s Enslaved,” Historic Bethabara Park website.

BACK TO POST Numbers 34:13-15.

BACK TO POST Leviticus 16:5-10.

BACK TO POST Joel Baden, Twitter thread on Exodus 28:13-30, April 5, 2021. He is Professor of Hebrew Bible at Yale Divinity School in New Haven, Connecticut.

BACK TO POST Joel Baden, Twitter thread on Exodus 28:13-30, April 5, 2021. He is Professor of Hebrew Bible at Yale Divinity School in New Haven, Connecticut.

BACK TO POST Jerusha Matsen Neal, “Commentary on Acts 1:15-17, 21-26,” Working Preacher website, May 16, 2021.

BACK TO POST “The Relation of the Lot [to Moravian Marriages],” Bethlehem Digital History Project website.

BACK TO POST “The Stories of Bethabara’s Enslaved,” Historic Bethabara Park website. A newspaper article that explores the complexity of enslavement within the Moravian Church is “Hidden in History: Old Salem’s Hidden Town” by Kathy Norcross Watts, Winston-Salem Journal, February 1, 2018. Another one is “Slavery in Old Salem” by Susan Ladd, Greensboro News & Record, February 3, 1992. A book that explores this in depth is Jon F. Sensbach’s A Separate Canaan: The Making of an Afro-Moravian World in North Carolina, 1763-1840 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998). While it’s true the enslaved teenager, whose Christian name would be Johann Samuel, wanted “to know the Saviour” and asked to be purchased by the Moravian Church, he was nevertheless bought as human property “by permission of the Lord.” Additional details can be found in the first link in this footnote from Historic Bethabara Park.

10 BACK TO POST  “The Stories of Bethabara’s Enslaved,” Historic Bethabara Park website.

11 BACK TO POST “Teaspoon,” Museum of Early Southern Decorative Arts website. This article about a silver teaspoon created by John Vogler includes biographical information about him and other historical facts.

12 BACK TO POST “Teaspoon,” Museum of Early Southern Decorative Arts website. This article about a silver teaspoon created by John Vogler includes biographical information about him and other historical facts.

13 BACK TO POST “Teaspoon,” Museum of Early Southern Decorative Arts website. This article about a silver teaspoon created by John Vogler includes biographical information about him and other historical facts.

The Fourth of July & Confederate Statues

Photo of Alamance County Courthouse in Graham, North Carolina, by Bob Karp

It’s not uncommon to hear people whose skin color looks similar to mine say that if your family history was deeply rooted for many generations in a small Southern town, you’d understand what the Confederate monument in front of the courthouse for that county represents. Two of my grandparents are buried in Alamance County, North Carolina, as many other relatives have been through the years. I even have a fourth-generation slaveholding cousin who was named in the 1914 dedicatory speech for the Confederate statue that stands in front of the Alamance County Courthouse in the center of the Town of Graham. He led a company of Confederate soldiers from that county, where he is also buried. So I know what it represents.

Black Americans whose ancestors were only emancipated from slavery after the defeat of the Confederacy know too. And that is why I believe, as an American and as a Christian, there’s a moral imperative to move it.

The atmosphere in which that dedication took place is well illustrated by the front page of the Greensboro Patriot newspaper from May 11, 1914. One article describes a district meeting of the United Daughters of the Confederacy that had recently been held in Guilford County. The chapter from Graham reported that a monument to the Confederate soldiers of Alamance County had been completed and would be unveiled the following weekend. The article trumpets these words like a fanfare:

Nearly every month sees a new Confederate monument erected. A most important undertaking of the various chapters relates to the preservation of the true history of the Confederacy. This feature is to be stressed even more in the future than it has been in the past . . .[1]

The column beside those words has a report about a proposed movie theater that an association of Black churches wanted to establish on property owned by a well-known Black citizen in the City of Greensboro. According to that newspaper article, “a storm of protest arose from the white residents of the community.” They signed a petition opposing the proposal, showed up at a public forum with their “fighting clothes on, figuratively speaking,” and were represented by two attorneys. For example, the article describes at length one public comment, stating that:

. . . one of the good ladies who addressed the commissioners asserted that the common run of negroes care nothing for a moving picture show, anyway, and asked why should they go to see pictures of people cutting and shooting folks when they could engage in this pastime in reality.[2]

That is a very embarrassing but real testimony from the racist world in which the Confederate monument in neighboring Alamance County would be celebrated by a cheering crowd of white citizens five days after those words were printed on the front page of a newspaper. The guest speaker on that occasion was Henry A. London from nearby Pittsboro. A week after the Wilmington “Race Riot” of 1898, in which an armed white mob took control of the City of Wilmington and expelled Black elected leaders, London published these words in the Chatham Record:

Wilmington is once more ruled by respectable white men and all her citizens are now safe and secure in their lives, liberty and property.[3]

In his speech sixteen years later in front of the county courthouse in Graham, London went out of his way to note that the soldiers of the Union army included “186,097 negroes” and that some of the Confederate veterans listening to him in the audience who had been prisoners of war:

. . . may, (I am telling the truth about it), have been guarded by negro soldiers who would shoot your comrades down without any excuse.[4]

In contrast to that, London was standing there in Graham, as the local Ku Klux Klan founder and leader who introduced him put it, to praise “the achievements of . . . our own race and blood,” something “in which we all have a common interest.”[5]

That was a rallying cry for white supremacy.

There’s an irony which should not be overlooked in London’s soaring rhetoric following the introduction of him as he described the “brave and gallant men” who marched off to war in rebellion and “the dangers and the hardships” they endured, which “the young people of to-day . . . cannot imagine.” It turns out that London wasn’t engaging in false modesty entirely when he said at the beginning:

I do not deserve to have been selected to address you on this occasion.[6]

Although described in the newspaper as a major, that rank had been bestowed upon him not by an army but by a veterans’ organization. London had been a private, serving only for the last several months of the war after he was forced to do so. Before that he had been a college student at the University of North Carolina and made this honest confession in a letter which he wrote to his sister in early 1864:

I would not care much if they did [conscript me], as I hate the idea of skulking, as it were, out of the army, when my Country needs my services so much, but yet when an exemption is proffered a man, he can scarcely be blamed for taking it.[7]

This crowd saw an exaggerated man, who sounded like a preacher as he thundered:

. . . and oh! what soldiers they were; men of Alamance, women of Alamance, children of Alamance, remember through all your lives to honor the living Confederate soldiers as well as the memory of the dead ones. Oh! it is a beautiful thing, eminently fit and proper to erect a monument in front of every court house throughout our Southland in memory of the Confederate soldiers.[8]

Those statues would be painful reminders to Black Americans passing by that they would not be treated equally under the law inside those buildings, which were supposed to be symbols of justice for the entire community.

Seventy years before those front-page articles were printed in the Greensboro Patriot, that same newspaper published the names of Whig candidates standing for election in various counties throughout North Carolina.[9] One of them was my great-great-great-grandfather Daniel Hackney, Jr., who was a candidate in 1844 to represent Chatham County, where London lived, in the North Carolina House of Commons. Hackney was a slaveholder in Chatham County, as was his father and grandfather. To the immediate right of his name in that list was this public notice:

To those who are citizens of Alamance County or places like it, please think about what you want your courthouse to say about your community. What, for example, will future generations read in archived news reports that are recording how we think about these things today? Is it a “self-evident” truth for you on this national holiday “that all [human beings] are created equal,” including Black lives?[10]

If you proudly display an American flag, Old Glory, outside your home on Independence Day, what does that symbol mean to you as you consider the wellbeing of your neighbors, including the American descendants of those whose Black bodies were once sold on courthouse steps? Many of their families, like my own, are “from here,” wherever that might be throughout the South. And they have just as much right to be included in “our” history as people who look like me. Of that I am certain. So take down these statues, and if you decide to move them somewhere else, tell the whole story.

BACK TO POST “Daughters of Confederacy: District Meeting Held in This City Showed Good Work Accomplished,” The Greensboro Patriot, May 14, 1914.

BACK TO POST “Negro Moving Picture Show: White Folks Wouldn’t Stand for Its Location in Their Vicinity,” The Greensboro Patriot, May 14, 1914.

BACK TO POST Henry A. London, editorial, The Chatham Record, November 17, 1898.

BACK TO POST Henry A. London, quoted in “Maj. London’s Address: Presentation of Confederate Monument to County and Acceptance,” The Alamance Gleaner, May 28, 1914.

BACK TO POST Jacob A. Long, quoted in “Maj. London’s Address: Presentation of Confederate Monument to County and Acceptance,” The Alamance Gleaner, May 28, 1914.

BACK TO POST Henry A. London, quoted in “Maj. London’s Address: Presentation of Confederate Monument to County and Acceptance,” The Alamance Gleaner, May 28, 1914.

BACK TO POST Henry A. London, quoted by Adam H. Domby, The False Cause: Fraud, Fabrication, and White Supremacy in Confederate Memory (Charlottesville: University of Virginia, 2020) 48.

BACK TO POST Henry A. London, quoted in “Maj. London’s Address: Presentation of Confederate Monument to County and Acceptance,” The Alamance Gleaner, May 28, 1914.

BACK TO POST “Whig Candidates,” The Greensboro Patriot, June 15, 1844.

10 BACK TO POST The Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776. The preamble includes these words that are familiar to many Americans:

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.

“Cast out this slave woman . . .”

Palmer Memorial Episcopal Church, Houston, Texas
The Reverend Neil Alan Willard, M.Div.
Proper 7, June 21, 2020

Jesus, Savior, may I know your love and make it known. Amen.

I don’t really know how old he was. A young teenager, I guess. What I do know is that he was laughing with his new friend, well, his brother, actually, half-brother.[1] They were part of the same family. They had the same father. His mother, born in Africa, was a slave in the household. His half-brother’s mother wasn’t from Africa and, as she would probably have said with indignity, was most certainly not a slave.

Somewhere along the way, he had gone from being a cute boy who played with her son to representing some kind of threat in her mind. And this was the day when she couldn’t take it any more. This was the day when seeing him laugh with her son — it was just too much. This needed to be dealt with. They needed to be put in their place and completely cut off the family tree.

Worried about the family inheritance, wanting her own boy, who was younger, to have it all, she went to her husband and said to him,

Cast out this slave woman with her son.[2]

So her husband arose before dawn, handed some bread and water to this slave, and sent her with her child away from his home forever and into the wilderness.

After there was nothing left to drink, she stopped to lay down her son under a bush before walking away, unable to bear watching him slowly die. And she wept, loudly, wailing as one who feels abandoned, even by God.

It’s remarkable that so much is written in the Bible about Hagar, the Egyptian slave, and her son Ishmael.[3] The other woman, Sarah, and their shared husband, Abraham, are the main characters at the beginning of the story of faith in the Book of Genesis. It would have been so easy to cut out the story of Hagar and Ishmael from the pages of the Bible just as Sarah wanted to cut them out of the will. But God wants us to hear their voices in the same way that God heard the cries of Hagar in the wilderness — at the moment Hagar thought she would soon be left to die alone.

God wants them and their story to live.

Whose stories do we set aside, dismiss as unimportant, bury deep in the ground to forget? Many Black Americans, like their parents and grandparents, memorialize what happened 155 years ago about 50 miles from where I’m standing. It took place on June 19, one day after more than 2,000 Federal soldiers had arrived in Galveston. That’s when Major General Gordon Granger read aloud General Order No. 3:

The people of Texas are informed that, in accordance with a proclamation from the Executive of the United States, all slaves are free.[4]

General Granger read those words two and a half years after the Emancipation Proclamation had been issued. And so that date, June 19, became a holiday called Juneteenth. It celebrated the end of slavery within the Confederate states in rebellion. Texas was the most remote of those states and the last refuge of slaveholders who tried to retain what they considered to be their property.

By the time of Juneteenth, somewhere between 50,000 and 150,000 enslaved people had been essentially herded like cattle westward into Texas as slaveholders tried to get beyond the reach of the Union army.[5] As Dr. Caleb McDaniel of Rice University writes in his Pulitzer Prize-winning book Sweet Taste of Liberty:

No one was sure exactly how many came, but it was more than enough to make most of the state’s roadways impassable [as a result of heavy use].[6]

The Mayor of Houston said that before this Juneteenth, before last Friday, two Confederate monuments in our city would be taken down. One of them, honoring Dick Dowling, was located just a short walk down Cambridge Street from Palmer. It was moved there from another location in 1958.

I took both of my children there on Wednesday afternoon as that was happening. I wanted them to see it and to know that Juneteenth wouldn’t be Juneteenth without Dick Dowling, but not in a good way. Enslaved Texans could have been freed two years earlier in the absence of his most famous Confederate victory, the one for which he’s remembered, the reason why there was a statue of him in his uniform.[7]

Because Dowling and his soldiers were all Irishmen, the Roman Catholic Church got to be front and center when his statue, which was the first publicly financed art in the City of Houston, was dedicated on St. Patrick’s Day in 1905. A Catholic priest offered the invocation, and it was a huge community event, with the governor as guest speaker. The governor referred to the President of the Confederacy as:

. . . the grand old man . . . [who had] lived through it all — through pain and through the shame of the shackels.[8]

He was referring to the pain and imprisonment of Jefferson Davis, not the pain of an overseer’s whip that made blood flow or chains that held Black bodies in bondage.

When the other monument, “The Spirit of the Confederacy,” was dedicated three years later in Houston, a different member of the clergy was invited to give the opening prayer. He was introduced by a judge who recalled:

. . . the toil and the hardships of the journey from the valley of humiliation and weakness through darkness and oppression to the heaven-kissed heights of prosperity and power.[9]

Those are interesting words to have chosen to describe past adversity since he was referring to the humiliation and supposed oppression of white people only.

Anyway, he went on to say it was “meet and fit that we should invoke [God’s] blessing upon this assembly and these ceremonies” before inviting the Rev. Peter Gray Sears to do that.[10] The Rev. Mr. Sears was the Rector of Christ Church downtown, but about 20 years later he would become the first Rector of Palmer Memorial Church.

In his prayer, the Rev. Mr. Sears described those who fought in rebellion as having:

. . . [poured] out their heart’s blood in sacramental sacrifice for others who should come after them.[11]

Others would say similar things. One of the speakers embraced the title “rebel” as a rebellion against oppression, calling the war a battle for liberty that was not won but lost. He made no mention of the millions of Black bodies that had been set free.

It’s not just that these statues don’t reflect the values of the whole community today. They never did, even when they were dedicated before cheering crowds, before cheering white crowds. The “our” in speeches given on those civic occasions was never meant to include Black Americans, but it was intended to send a message. After Reconstruction and elections marked by voter intimidation, including threats of physical violence, Black citizens and their political allies were kicked out of office and laws were enacted to disenfranchise them throughout the South.

It’s only after that happened, after the old order had been reestablished in a new form, after Black people had, from the perspective of white supremacy, been put back in their place, that these statues began to appear in front of courthouses and in other public spaces. So I’m grateful they’re now being contextualized.

As a priest, I’m also aware of this truth about myself as a sinful human being: If it had been me instead of one of my predecessors who had been invited to pray over the crowd assembled in front of “The Spirit of the Confederacy,” I would have been there. It’s too easy to pretend otherwise, to imagine that I would have been different, to judge others while self-righteously pardoning myself. But that would be a lie.

Of course, I have no idea what I might have said, especially if my own father had fought in defense of slavery and my childhood had been shaped to remember that in a particular way. I hope I wouldn’t have referred to blood shed as a “sacramental sacrifice for others” unless talking about our Lord Jesus Christ, whose mercy and love embrace the whole world, including Black lives. But I have no doubt that I would have made a racist idol with my words, like Aaron the priest placating the people at Mount Sinai, albeit with poetic subtlety.[12] And I surely do that now, participating in structures that have extended privileges to me time and time and time again.

One of the things that makes the Bible unique in the ancient world is its willingness to look at the underbelly of history, to see things as they really are, not as we wish them to be. The Bible invites us to make a true confession, to lament our sins and the suffering that far too many people endure in this world, not only in past centuries but also now, and to reach out to those whom we’ve hurt. That invitation is extended to everyone from ordinary people of God to the kings of Israel, from the disciples who followed Jesus to you and me, who are trying to follow Jesus too. 

The Bible also reminds us to make room for others, bringing them into wide spaces where they can breathe and where their voices can be heard, just as the Bible itself creates space for the voice of Hagar and the laughter of Ishmael.[13] And I think that’s part of our calling as a church in this time of social unrest and protest.[14] Just as Hagar cried out in the wilderness, a lot of people are crying out for justice today.

They might not be speaking to God. Some might not even believe in God. But surely the God of Hagar, Sarah, and Abraham hears their cry. And if we’re willing, through the power of the Holy Spirit, to help them and their story to live, we might find that one of the persons who is set free and able to breathe in wide spaces is ourself.

AMEN

BACK TO POST Some translations say Ishmael was mocking his half-brother Isaac. Others say he was playing with him. The Hebrew word can also mean laughing.

BACK TO POST Genesis 21:10.

BACK TO POST Genesis 16:1-16, 21:4-21.

BACK TO POST Michael Davis, “National Archives Safeguards Original ‘Juneteenth’ General Order,” National Archives News, June 19, 2020.

BACK TO POST Caleb McDaniel, Sweet Taste of Liberty: A True Story of Slavery and Restitution in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2019) 148.

BACK TO POST Caleb McDaniel, Sweet Taste of Liberty: A True Story of Slavery and Restitution in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2019) 148.

BACK TO POST Caleb McDaniel, “Opinion: Houston is right to choose Juneteenth over Dick Dowling Confederate monument,” Houston Chronicle, June 12, 2020.

BACK TO POST Samuel Willis Tucker Lanham, quoted in “Unveiling Ceremonies Were Impressive,” Houston Daily Post, March 18, 1905.

BACK TO POST Norman G. Kittrell, quoted in “Unveiling of Spirit of the Confederacy,” Houston Daily Post, January 20, 1908.

10 BACK TO POST Norman G. Kittrell, quoted in “Unveiling of Spirit of the Confederacy,” Houston Daily Post, January 20, 1908.

11 BACK TO POST Peter Gray Sears, quoted in “Unveiling of Spirit of the Confederacy,” Houston Daily Post, January 20, 1908.

12 BACK TO POST Exodus 32:1-35.

13 BACK TO POST That image of being brought out of a place of constriction and into a broad place where one is able to breathe comes from these words in Psalm 31:

I hate those who cling to worthless idols, *
and I put my trust in the LORD.

I will rejoice and be glad because of your mercy; *
for you have seen my affliction; you know my distress.

You have not shut me up in the power of the enemy; *
you have set my feet in an open place.

14 BACK TO POST The Rev. Christopher L. Epperson, who is the Rector of Bruton Parish Church in Williamsburg, Virginia, wrote a message to his congregation yesterday that explained how the stories of Black Americans have too often been considered less important to the writers of history and included this paragraph:

In the days to come, we will remove the boards from our church windows, which were placed there in the face of real threats. I hope that we, like our beloved church, can lower the armor we use to protect ourselves. I hope the scales will fall from our eyes so we see the suffering and needless injustice around us. I hope we will see how we participate in and perpetuate injustice. I hope we can remove the stuffing from our ears, and hear the stories and experience of our black neighbors.

Bright Star and a Family Tree Secret

When my wife and I purchased our tickets for the musical Bright Star, which was written and composed by Steve Martin and Edie Brickell, we were both excited to hear the music but had no idea what the storyline would be. After we settled into our seats at Houston’s Hobby Center for the Performing Arts, I was pleasantly surprised to learn that it’s partly set in the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina during the post-war 1940s with flashbacks to 1923. I grew up in the Old North State within a short drive of those mountains, and we had our honeymoon in Asheville, where the musical also took us after some family drama in the plot that was inspired by a true event. Amazingly, I had seen a shadow of that story in my own family tree.

In the musical, sixteen-year-old Alice Murphy, who sings “If You Knew My Story” as an adult, meets young Jimmy Ray Dobbs in her hometown of Zebulon. The town, by the way, is a real place named for the Confederate Governor of North Carolina, Zebulon B. Vance. Jimmy Ray’s father, Josiah Dobbs, who represents the Old South, is the mayor and a successful businessman. He believes Jimmy Ray needs to marry someone with a higher social status and that college would be a waste of time when he should really be helping with the family business in order to run it one day.

Things get complicated when Alice becomes pregnant. Josiah arranges for that fact to remain a secret, forces Alice to give up her child for adoption, and promises to take his own grandchild to the adoption agency. On the train ride, however, he does something terrible to ensure that all of the problems he envisions for his son will go away forever. But his plan doesn’t work, and the child grows up, loved by others. There’s more to the story in the musical, but this context is sufficient for my story.

As I heard the words “a man’s gotta do what a man’s gotta do” being sung, I wondered if my great-great-great-grandmother Cornelia Dunevant would have heard the voice of “Royal George” Williamson running through her mind. Cornelia was a complete mystery to me as I researched my family history. She never got married, but did give birth to at least three daughters, including my great-great-grandmother Telula Dunevant in 1855. Cornelia would have been about 17 years old at the time. Telula later married William Cook at 19 years of age, and the best clue to the identity of her father appears on her marriage certificate. She listed her mother as Cornelia and her father as Weldon Williamson, who was a wealthy planter’s son.

But that’s not the only clue, which is important to note since Telula’s death certificate lists her father as someone else and her maiden name as “Don’t Know.” Telula had a son and a grandson who both had Weldon as a middle name and who were each listed on the 1930 United States Federal Census as Weldon Cook. In other words, both of them went by the name Weldon.

There are also genetic clues. One of the reasons that I had earlier decided to take the AncestryDNA test through Ancestry.com is because I hoped it might offer a bridge to confirm a few things in my family tree that were probably true but not proven to be true. Over time, as more close family members, together with more people in general, take the same test, my DNA matches are mapped in a way that illustrates how they might be related to me through a common ancestor. Those DNA matches reveal connections to more than one child of Weldon Edwards Williamson other than Telula. They also reveal connections to more than one of Weldon’s siblings, more than one of his mother’s siblings, and at least one of his father’s siblings.

Weldon’s father had quite a nickname, “Royal George,” and enslaved 142 Africans in Caswell County, North Carolina, according to the 1850 United States Federal Census. When Telula was born, Royal George would have been about 67 years old, and his son Weldon would have been about 23 years old. Royal George died about a year later. There’s neither a passing reference to God nor a stated desire for a decent Christian burial in his will. It’s all business, including instructions about what to do if his four children by his second wife object to how he wants to divide their inheritance.

From the bottom of the first page of Royal George Williamson’s will: “If this rule of division is objected to on the part of my children by my second wife then I direct that the value of their property obtained as aforesaid shall be ascertained [and they shall receive an equal share of my estate less that value].”

And there was a lot to divide. The account documents for his estate include more than 30 pages, partly because so many people owed him money. At the time of the next United States Federal Census in 1860, Weldon is listed on the slave schedules as enslaving 27 Africans. Many if not most of them presumably represent part of the “property” that Weldon inherited from his father. Weldon also inherited Royal George’s family home called Melrose.

Weldon had, not surprisingly, put his relationship with Cornelia behind him and married another woman, Nancy Johnston, about a year after the birth of Telula. “A man’s gotta do what man’s gotta do” to succeed, according to the fictional grandfather in Bright Star. “A man must protect his family and preserve his good name,” he sings, though he’s only preserving an illusion.

Yet just as the rain falls on both the just and the unjust, so too does personal tragedy. Nancy died less than a year after she and Weldon were married. After her death, Weldon sold Melrose to one of his brothers. 68 days after the death of his first wife, Weldon married his second wife Mary Bethel. By 1880, he was a widower again and had moved with his children to Danville in Southern Virginia. He married his third wife Elizabeth Hammond in 1881, and by the turn of the century he and his family were living in Asheville. Weldon died there in the beauty of the Blue Ridge Mountains in 1901.

Traditionally, Christians have called the writer of the Book of Ecclesiastes in the Hebrew Bible the Preacher.  At the very end of that book, the Preacher implies that a light will be shined on “every deed . . . including every secret thing.” For the Preacher, that is God’s judgement. Or maybe it’s just the reality that truth dispels the shadows that haunt us through the years and sets us free. Perhaps all of that is the same thing, allowing us to loosen a little our tight grip on the memories of the past that burden our hearts.

I don’t know how that worked itself out in the hearts of Cornelia, Weldon, or Royal George. What I do know is that Telula lived her life, loved by her children, who put these words on the headstone of the grave where she is buried beside her husband:

FAREWELL, DEAR MOTHER AND FATHER SWEET
THY REST. GOD TAKES THE LIVES HE GAVE.

For some Christians, the family that finally embraces them and accepts them is the community of the church that embodies the outstretched arms of Jesus on the cross. I hope Telula and her mother and, yes, even her absent father experienced that, too, on this earth. And I hope Royal George will experience that in the life to come, reconciled with his children, his grandchildren, including Telula, and the men, women, and children he enslaved, whose lives were just as important in the eyes of God as his own.

All of them, and all of us, need to know that love remains, mysteriously, in spite of the wrongs we have done to others and after the wrongs others have done to us. I don’t know how God will do that, weaving a tapestry of justice for all of the victims of human cruelty, while having taken away the sins of the whole world, including our own. But its loveliness, when finally complete, will bring forth tears of joy because God is love. This I believe.

Click here for a series of reflections on a different slaveholding ancestor.

My Slaveholding Ancestor, Part X

After the end of the Civil War, my great-great-great-grandfather Daniel Hackney, Jr., no longer “owned” 14 human beings as “property.” Their new status as free persons had been guaranteed by President Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation, which was issued on January 1, 1863, freeing slaves within the borders of states in rebellion, and by the 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution, which was ratified by the states on December 6, 1865, abolishing slavery throughout the United States. Hackney, a former politician and former Confederate Home Guard officer and now also a former slaveholder, would spend his post-war years devoted to the work of Baptist churches. He had served as a deacon at Love’s Creek Baptist Church in Chatham County, North Carolina, since 1833. But he was granted a license to preach in the Sandy Creek Association of the Southern Baptist Convention in 1866. Eventually, he was ordained as a preaching elder in that association in 1871, serving as a pastor, without seeming to regret the past or even noticing its dissonance with his Christian faith, until his death on December 28, 1884.

My great-great-grandfather David Williard and his brothers, having been drafted to fight for the Confederacy, returned home to Forsyth County, North Carolina, after the war to resume farming. These men born to Moravian parents didn’t enslave any human beings before secession, so nothing about that reality changed afterwards. However, the economic ruin that had been wrought by the rebellion was obviously different. And so was the psychological trauma of having participated in wartime violence that their Moravian grandparents and great-grandparents would have found abhorrent as members of an originally pacifist Christian community. A line had been crossed. They were now Americans who happened to belong to the Moravian Church (or Primitive Baptist churches), and not Moravians who happened to live in America as in previous generations.

Elkanah, William, Benjamin, and Lee Willard — my second cousins, fourth removed — returned home to Yadkin County, North Carolina, after having remained Unionists throughout the war and having actively opposed the Confederate government in the Old North State. It was suggested that they were members of a secret resistance movement known as the H.O.A. or Heroes of America. There was a warrant for the arrest of William, Benjamin, and Lee Willard and 11 other Unionists for murder “with malice aforethought” after an attempted arrest that led to a shootout with the Confederate state militia. And Elkanah Willard, who can be seen in this photo with the beard of a biblical prophet, was a subject of conversations between North Carolina’s wartime governor and chief justice because of his brash defiance of the authorities. Even though the arrival of the Union army ensured the murder case wouldn’t be pursued, it’s astonishing that these brothers just resumed their old lives.

So my ancestors represented at least three of the groups of people who were living in the “Quaker Belt” of the central piedmont of North Carolina during the Civil War: The wealthy who encouraged young men to volunteer to fight in a war that would mostly benefit slaveholders; yeoman farmers who were drafted into the Confederate army, many of whom deserted or resisted passively; and those who actively rebelled against the rebellion for the sake of the Union. However, when monuments were raised in the 20th century in Chatham and Forsyth Counties to commemorate the historical events of 1861 to 1865, the speeches that accompanied their unveiling glorified ordinary citizens who stepped forward to fight on behalf of the Confederacy with patriotic zeal, ignoring, in a real sense, all three of these groups.

The monuments themselves ignore these same groups and Black Americans who had been enslaved by the rule of law, beginning with the Constitution of the United States, with the imagined blessing of God in the Bible. Those slaves were the human subject of “property rights” that Christian people like Hackney wanted to protect for themselves and their own economic gain by talking about the equal rights of states rather than individuals. However, Black Americans were very much on the minds of the men who gave speeches that praised these monuments before cheering white crowds.

After 20 children unveiled Chatham County’s new Confederate monument before a large crowd in Pittsboro, North Carolina, on August 23, 1907, Chief Justice Walter Clark of the North Carolina Supreme Court was introduced as the guest speaker for the occasion. In his remarks, which the Raleigh Times newspaper published, Clark suggests the possibility that the 14th amendment to the United States Constitution “to secure the rights of the newly emancipated colored people” had not been adopted legally.

Clark would later give the 1920 commencement address at St. Augustine’s School (now St. Augustine’s University) in Raleigh, North Carolina. It’s a historically Black educational institution that was founded in 1867 by the Episcopal Church for the education of freed slaves. Unbelievably, his remarks included these words:

 It is true that our colored people wear “the shadowed livery of the burnished sun” and there is no social equality between the races, but the latter condition exists in every country where there are two or more distinct races of people. The colored people do not wish social equality, and the white people would not tolerate it, and there the matter ends. It is not a matter of debate, but is settled and not a cause of strife like the divergence in language, in religion, in national aspirations which exists in nearly every other country. . . .

There has been some times complaint as to what is known as the “Jim Crow cars,” which are established by law. At the North, where there are few colored people in proportion to the population, the railroads cannot afford to furnish separate cars for them. With us, where nearly one-third of the people are colored, and probably one-fourth of the travelers by rail, it is better for them and the whites that separate cars should be furnished for them. The real objection is that sometimes these cars are inferior to those furnished the whites. This is contrary to the law, which requires the same rate to be charged for fare and the same and equally good accommodations furnished for both races. When this is not done it is not because of the law, but in violation of it, and the remedy is by application to the Corporation Commission to require better accommodations.

As to suffrage, which I do not intend to discuss in any way, I think that the wiser heads among the colored people have discouraged any attempt to intermeddle in politics and that the colored race has lost nothing but gained much by abstaining from doing so against the wishes of the white people, notwithstanding the decision of the United States Supreme Court that the “Grandfather Clause” is void.

Forsyth County’s new Confederate monument had been unveiled in Winston (now Winston-Salem), North Carolina, on October 3, 1905. The guest speaker that day was the Honorable Alfred Moore Waddell, Mayor of Wilmington, North Carolina. And he said, “I thank God that monuments to the Confederate soldier are rapidly multiplying in the land.”

Wadell had been a lieutenant colonel in the Confederate cavalry and was a United States representative during the 1870s. He also participated in a coup d’etat known as the Wilmington Race Riot of 1898, when white Democrats overthrew the legally elected officials of the city and expelled black Republican leaders. Emboldened by Democratic election victories in the fall of 1898 throughout most of North Carolina, an armed white mob seized control of the city. Before sunset, they had forced the mayor, the board of aldermen, and the chief of police to resign.

Waddell, who began his term as the Mayor of Wilmington under these violent and racist circumstances, had made clear his unvarnished white supremacist views in a statement before the election that was published in the Constitution newspaper in Atlanta, Georgia, on November 21, 1898. This was part of the intimidation of Black voters that, together with at least one city precinct in which the ballot boxes were stuffed, contributed to the wide election margins by white Democrats:

So I do not believe those monuments truly reflect or honor the historical events of 1861 to 1865. They certainly are not honest about the white supremacist ideas that undergirded the celebrations after they were erected. Not even General Robert E. Lee thought these “enduring memorials of granite” were a good idea. He wrote a letter in 1869 to decline an invitation to return to Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, with officers who had participated in the battle there for the purpose of marking on the ground where such memorials should be placed. This is how he ended his letter:

I think it wiser, moreover, not to keep open the sores of war but to follow the examples of those nations who endeavored to obliterate the marks of civil strife, to commit to oblivion the feelings engendered. Very respectfully,

Your obedient servant,
R. E. Lee.

W.E.B. Du Bois was a historian, civil rights activist, and the first Black American to earn a Ph.D. from Harvard University. He was one of the founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, also known as the NAACP, and wrote these words in 1931 in a publication of the NAACP called The Crisis:

The most terrible thing about War, I am convinced, is its monuments, — the awful things we are compelled to build in order to remember the victims. In the South, particularly, human ingenuity has been put to explain on its war monuments, the Confederacy. Of course, the plain truth of the matter would be an inscription something like this: “Sacred to the memory of those who fought to Perpetuate Human Slavery.” But that reads with increasing difficulty as time goes on. It does, however, seem to be overdoing the matter on a North Carolina monument: “Died Fighting for Liberty!”

Last summer I happened to read an op-ed in the Los Angeles Times newspaper that was written by a self-described “black daughter of the Confederacy.” Her name is Lisa Richardson, and, like me, she’s the descendant of a Confederate soldier. The difference, as she notes in her essay, is that she finds herself in that category most likely “through coerced sex and rape,” which was tolerated within the institution of slavery.

Also like me, a victory for one side of her family meant defeat for another side of her family. In Richardson’s case, however, the end of the rebellion brought an end to the institution of slavery and, therefore, freedom to her enslaved ancestors. With her, I rejoice that the rebellion didn’t succeed in its aim to deny that freedom to millions of human beings whose ancestors came from Africa. With her, I lament that white supremacist ideas have survived the fall the Confederacy, emerging renewed as those statues were dedicated and, sadly, continuing into our own day:

History isn’t being erased, but it is being corrected. Relocating a Confederate statue to, say, a museum, is an acknowledgment that we see the naked emperor; we see through the contorted logic that it is possible to separate the Confederacy from . . . slavery . . .

As for my Confederate ancestor, [Jeremiah Dial, who enlisted in the 31st Regiment, Arkansas Infantry,] I consider him without bitterness. He was a man of his time, his family, his community and his culture. He probably wasn’t particularly evil — just an ordinary man, without the advantage we have: [more than a century and a half’s] perspective on the Civil War. I have met a few of his white descendants — my cousins — and we regard each other with genuine affection.

To those who would keep Jeremiah Dial frozen in time, forever trapped at the moment he chose a cause on the wrong side of humanity, I believe you do him a disservice. To those who use him as an excuse to fly the flag of modern-day anti-Semitism, racism and bigotry, you have no right.

To all the bronze Confederate soldiers, in whom I see the image of my great-great-great-grandfather, I would extend this grace. Without resentment or rancor, I would move them into museums and there tell the story of their lives. I would end their utility as flashpoints for racism and division, and, once and for all, allow them to retire from their long service as sentries over a whitewashed history.

I’m grateful that recent scholarship is filling in the gaps in the history that surrounded and shaped the opinions of both my slaveholding and my non-slaveholding ancestors in the 19th century. In 2014, for example, Cambridge University Press published Rebels against the Confederacy: North Carolina’s Unionists by Barton A. Myers, and McFarland & Company published Civil War in North Carolina’s Quaker Belt: The Confederate Campaign Against Peace Agitators, Deserters and Draft Dodgers by William T. Auman.

I’m also grateful that I’ve been able to learn details about connections my great-great-great-grandfather Daniel Hackney, Jr., had to the institution of slavery, both personally and politically, thanks to the resources of Ancestry.com and its affiliates. Even when I disagree with them, it’s amazing to be able to read his thoughts, printed in black and white in local newspapers, about the events of the 1840s, 1850s, and 1860s.

From my point of view, there is nothing to fear about shining a light on the shadows that have been ignored for too long. As for this particular series, there may be future posts about other Unionist cousins of mine whom I discovered through their own testimony and the testimony of their friends and neighbors before the United States Southern Claims Commission several years after the end of the Civil War. Some of that testimony includes references to and claims of secret membership during the war in the Red Strings, a biblically-inspired nickname for the Heroes of America.

I’m also pondering a final post that somehow imagines a conversation, centered on reconciliation, between me and Hackney. However, that will necessitate some time and some prayer to do honestly. So perhaps it will appear in a future season of Easter. That would seem appropriate since I am, like Hackney was, an ordained minister of the gospel of Jesus Christ. The promise of Easter is that God will one day make all things new, including the conflicted and sin-wearied hearts of both Hackney and me with our prejudices, our imperfections, and our many mistakes. As the First Letter of John in the New Testament reminds those of us who are called Christians:

If our hearts condemn us, we know that God is greater than our hearts . . .

To that, I say, “Amen, amen, and amen.” The Lord is merciful to all.

This I believe.

Click here to read all of the reflections in this series.

My Slaveholding Ancestor, Part IX

My great-great-great-grandfather Daniel Hackney, Jr., was appointed to chair a public meeting at Love’s Creek Baptist Church in Chatham County, North Carolina, on August 29, 1863. That was nearly two months after the Union victory at the Battle of Gettysburg in Pennsylvania. Hackney, a former politician and an enslaver of 14 human beings, served as a deacon at Love’s Creek Baptist Church, and was 3rd Lieutenant in Chatham County’s Home Guard. His report about that meeting was published in the September 10, 1863, issue of the Fayetteville Observer newspaper in Fayetteville, North Carolina.

After Hackney and other speakers addressed the assembly, those present declared “full confidence” in the Confederate government and “abiding faith” in Divine Providence. They expressed their opinion that “a reconstruction of the Union is a thing impossible” and disapproval of so-called “peace meetings” in various parts of the Old North State. Finally, they resolved that it was their duty “to sustain the President of the Confederate States and the Governor of North Carolina, in the discharge of all their constitutional duties.”

I have other relatives who were just as unwavering in their convictions as Hackney was, only not for his cause.

On November 10, 1862, Henry W. Ayer wrote his official report to Governor Zebulon B. Vance of North Carolina about war-related manufacturing contracts in Forsyth County. His letter ends, however, with a dire warning about Elkanah Willard, whose name comes from the father of the Prophet Samuel in the Bible. This Willard is my second cousin, fourth removed, and lived in Yadkin County, which is adjacent to and west of Forsyth County. Here’s what Ayer said about him, and note that Richard M. Pearson was the Chief Justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court:

I am authorized and requested by Chief Justice Pearson to lay before your Excellency the following facts, There is a man in Yadkin county near Mount Nebo . . . named Elkanah Willard, who openly defied the law, first, By rescueing his brother who is a conscript (he himself is not) from a guard who had him in custody by a display of arms and open force. Secondly, by putting Capt Fleming and the men accompanying him at defiance, in such a way that they were obliged to shoot him down or rush upon him armed as he was at the iminent danger of their lives The Capt says he could have shot him down or at the risk of his life have attempted to arrest him but as he was a man of most desperate character and has 5 older brothers as bad as himself, the better plan he thought was to let him alone — It is the opinion of the well affected neighbors in order to avoid bloodshed that the best policy would be to send an officer with 12 to 15 armed men — to arrest him, supposing that this display of force would let them see their resistance was hopeless and that they would surrender without opposition Whereas it tampered with and not put down at the start it may result in some dreadful evil. The effect of armed men in the neighborhood, would be wholesome in many ways, as there is some disaffection in that part of the County. This man Willard has said he would rather join the Federal Army than ours — The above statement are facts, vouched for by Judge Pearson. Any thing else coming to my knowledge will be promptly reported to your Excellency.

That same year, 1862, Elkanah Willard was indeed arrested for speaking in favor of the Union and rescuing a draft-dodging brother. But that was only the beginning. He was eventually released from custody, legally or illegally, before his next escapades.

15 men gathered in the Bond Schoolhouse, named for a Quaker and near the Deep Creek Friends Meeting House, in Yadkin County on the night of February 11, 1863. That group, which was evading the Confederate draft and making plans to cross over to Union territory in Tennessee, included William, Benjamin, and Lee Willard, who were three of Elkanah Willard’s brothers. Their number increased to 16 early the next day when another member of their party joined them with a newspaper.

Anxious to hear news of the war, they forgot to post a guard. So they were caught by surprise when at least 12 members of the state militia, having been tipped off about their hiding place, rode out to the schoolhouse to arrest them. The shootout that ensued left two men killed on each side, two men wounded among the Unionists, including Benjamin Willard, and no one in custody after the state militia withdrew.

According to one recollection, “the Willard boys did most of the shooting.” The next day, February 13, they were named along with the other 11 surviving Unionists in a warrant for the arrest of all 14 of them for murder “with malice aforethought.” A few days later, four of them — but none of the Willard brothers — were in custody.

That’s the context for attorney R.F. Armfield’s letter to Governor Vance about this incident and how it fit into political debates about the Confederate draft, which was extremely controversial in North Carolina because that draft was not controlled by the state. So states’ rights were, ironically, being trampled upon by the First Congress of the Confederate States of America for the sake of immediate necessity.

After summarizing details of the shootout, Armfield ended his letter to Governor Vance with some cautionary advice. Although the governor was strongly opposed to the Confederate draft on the basis of states’ rights, he zealously rounded up deserters and returned them to their regiments in the Confederate army. That would bring him into conflict with the chief justice of the state supreme court, who did not believe that the governor had authority to do that. So Armfield wrote:

But my principle object in writing this letter is to ask you what we shall do with those four murderers we have and the others if we get them? Suppose we try them for murder, do you not believe our supreme court will decide the conscription act unconstitutional and thus leave these men justified in resisting its execution? I believe they will, and tremble to think of the consequences of such a blow upon the cause of our independence. It would demoralize our army in the field and bring the first horrors of civil war to our own doors and then perhaps subjugation to the enemy, which no honorable man ought to want to survive. . . . I hope you know I am conservative for the rights of the citizens and the States, but for my country always, and for independence at all hazards.

Not surprisingly, therefore, Chief Justice Pearson had the four men who were being held in custody released on a writ of habeas corpus. He believed their detention was illegal. The General Assembly of North Carolina would keep trying to increase the governor’s authority in what would become a continuing legal battle with the state supreme court. So these would not be the last arrests made in this particular case.

More than a year later, in the summer of 1864, three of the 14 surviving Unionists, including William Willard, were captured as they tried to cross the mountains. Those three men were taken to the Yadkinville jail in Yadkin County. But they were rescued in a jail break by a group of armed men, led by Elkanah Willard. The editorial from the Weekly Confederate newspaper in Raleigh, North Carolina, that concluded my last post in this series began with a description of that jail break and claimed that my Willard cousins and others in league with them belonged to an organized resistance movement known as the H.O.A. or Heroes of America.

The New York Times multi-year series Disunion included a post on the shootout at the Bond Schoolhouse called “Blood in the Carolina Hills.” That post contains this interesting sentence: “It proved harder to keep the Willards jailed than to keep a beagle in a pen.” It also offered a description of the work of the Heroes of America:

The [H.O.A.] undermined the Confederacy primarily by encouraging and aiding draft resisters and deserters. An “underground railroad,” operated in cooperation with abolitionists, led deserters and conscripts to safety in Tennessee and Kentucky, where many enlisted with the Union. The organization’s badge, a red string attached to a coat lapel or a home’s threshold or window, gave the Heroes the nickname the Red Strings. The device was adopted from the biblical Book of Joshua, in which a woman in Jericho concealed from capture two Israelites on a reconnaissance mission, then helped them escape by lowering them down the city wall on a red rope. They promised that on their return as conquerors, she and her family would be protected by a “scarlet thread” she was to fasten to her window.

After the Yadkinville jail break, Elkanah, William, Benjamin, and Lee Willard joined a large party of men with arms and ammunition stolen from the Home Guard and, on July 10, 1864, headed toward Tennessee to try to reach the Federal lines there. This group divided into two companies, each one led by an individual “who had from time to time been successful in piloting many conscripts across the line.” While one of the companies arrived safely on the other side, the other one, which included my Willard cousins, was surprised and attacked by the North Carolina militia.

Although many of the men in that company were killed, the Willard brothers were captured and taken to Camp Vance, which was six miles outside of Morganton, North Carolina. They escaped from Camp Vance but were captured again.

At that point, Elkanah Willard was sent to the Morganton jail, from which he escaped on his own. And his brothers were sent to the Forsyth County jail, from which a sister helped them make a daring escape.

The report about that jail break by the Winston Sentinel newspaper in Winston, North Carolina, was republished in the Daily Conservative newspaper in Raleigh on January 31, 1865. As seen above and to the right, it appeared right below a call for prayer and thanksgiving in a proclamation by Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States of America. Here’s a 1906 account of this final jail break story:

The last place [William, Benjamin, and Lee Willard] broke jail was Winston [in Forsyth County, North Carolina]. A sister of the Willard boys secreted an auger and a chisel upon her person, left her home in Yadkin county and went to Winston and after undergoing a rigid examination by the jailor, she was permitted to go up stairs to see her brothers. When she left the jail she left the auger and chisel with them. With the auger and chisel, they bored and cut out of the jail and made good their escape, and avoided being shot or hanged, as a detachment of state militia had been ordered there to take them out and hang or shoot them, and arrived the day after they escaped.

Soon after this the welcome word “peace” was heralded from Florida to California, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. And they like thousands of others, at the close of the war, returned to their shattered homes penniless. All indictments against them was nole prosceivied [sic].

In other words, the murder case involving William, Benjamin, and Lee Willard and the other 11 men who had been at the Bond Schoolhouse during the shootout with members of the Confederate state militia would not be pursued after the Union army arrived.

Click here to read all of the reflections in this series.